GAUSS Research Foundation

Publications

Articles and research papers by the foundation's researchers, and background publications on Eurofix.

Published articles

Articles that appeared in journals or conference proceedings. The links lead to the publisher's website.

  • 2026
    New Waveforms to Improve Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Accuracy for LF LORAN System
    Hadid Malik, L.P. Ligthart, Gamantyo Hendrantoro, Prasetiyono Hari Mukti (ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia) · 2026 International Conference on Information Communication, IoT Technology, and Smart Cities (IITS), IEEE Xplore, pp. 35–39
    GAUSS Research Foundation funded and cooperated with this project.

    Abstract. Long range navigation (LORAN) is a terrestrial radio navigation system that determines position by measuring time differences between low frequency (LF) pulse transmissions from fixed land-based stations. The LORAN system, operating at 100 kHz, offers high transmission power, wide coverage, and good phase stability, but its pulse-based structure limits positioning accuracy and sensitivity. The evolution toward enhanced Loran (eLoran) improves robustness and interference resistance, particularly when satellite navigation such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is unavailable. This research proposes a new approach to signal design in the LORAN bandwidth by introducing a single-carrier semi-continuous waveform that aims to increase the number of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) measurements in each signal interval. By enabling more frequent PNT measurements, the proposed semi-continuous waveform design improves time resolution in the LORAN frequency band. As a result, the method is expected to produce more accurate and stable PNT performance compared with conventional pulse-based LORAN signals.

    Find on IEEE Xplore ↗

More previous articles may follow.

Papers for download

Research papers by the foundation that have not been published elsewhere. They open as PDF in your browser and are free to save.

  • 2026
    Loran Data Channel for more Precise eLoran
    Prof. Dr. Ir. Durk van Willigen · GAUSS Research Foundation · August 2026

    Abstract. The present Loran Data Channel (LDC) has a limited data capacity to about 50 bps and is used for e.g. Differential Loran (DLoran) and Eurofix data transfer over long ranges. It is proposed to extend the LDC concept with LPWAN next to it, to be used for higher data rates but over shorter ranges. Applications are eDLoran for better timing and position accuracies, eLAS for enhanced Loran Antenna Stabilisation data transfer, and to allow for Optimising User and Reference Receivers Correlation.

    Open PDF (2.0 MB, 4 pages)
  • 2026
    eLoran to serve as GNSS backup
    Ir. Cornelis Dekker · GAUSS Research Foundation · July 2026

    Abstract. This document gives an overview on the suitability of eLoran as GNSS backup for position and timing. GNSS may become increasingly a matter of concern for various fields of application, such as maritime navigation, aviation and drones, land transportation, timing and synchronization as in telecom, finance and power grids, and defense. Focus is on accuracy and stability and on integrity. Important topics are given for eLoran usage, such as ASF, skywaves, reradiation and sensor fusion.

    Open PDF (0.5 MB, 5 pages)

Eurofix

With the invention and initial operation of Eurofix in the eLoran field, the initiative started to establish the GAUSS Research Foundation.

Eurofix was invented by Prof. Dr. Ir. Durk van Willigen at Delft University of Technology. It adds a data channel to Loran-C/eLoran signals to broadcast differential GNSS corrections and integrity information, and provides a full navigation back-up when GNSS fails. The papers below were written by his research group at TU Delft and Reelektronika, and by TU Dresden. All are freely available as full text.

  • 2005
    Implementation of a UTC Service on the NELS Eurofix Transmitters
    A.W.S. Helwig · International Loran Association (ILA) symposium
    Open PDF ↗ (full text)
  • 2001
    Measuring and Comparing GPS and Loran-C/Eurofix Performance
    A.W.S. Helwig, G.W.A. Offermans, W.J. Pelgrum, D. van Willigen · International Loran Association (ILA) symposium
    Open PDF ↗ (full text)
  • 2001
    LORAN-C / EUROFIX / EGNOS Integration
    W. Augath, S. Baumann · TU Dresden
    Open PDF ↗ (full text, 8 pages)
  • 2000
    Eurofix Moves Forward: European Developments over the Past Year
    A.W.S. Helwig, G.W.A. Offermans, D. van Willigen · International Loran Association (ILA) symposium
    Open PDF ↗ (full text)